Nightingale: causes of death

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Florence Nightingale used her 1858 diagram to make the scale of preventable deaths visible. These stacked bars replot the annualized rates on a linear rate scale; each period runs April to March.

Preventable disease dominated the first winter

Preventable diseaseWoundsOther causes

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---
title: "Nightingale: causes of death"
styles: [hand-drawn]
---

```chart
{
  "axes": {
    "y": {
      "label": "Annualized deaths per 1,000"
    }
  },
  "data": {
    "csv": "data.csv"
  },
  "encoding": {
    "color": "cause",
    "facet": "period",
    "x": "month",
    "y": "rate"
  },
  "stack": true,
  "title": "Preventable disease dominated the first winter",
  "type": "bar"
}
```

Data and credits

Complete report and provenance · Rich Markdown source · CSV observations.