---
title: "Nightingale: causes of death"
styles: [scientific]
---

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Florence Nightingale used her 1858 diagram to make the scale of preventable deaths visible. These stacked bars replot the annualized rates on a linear rate scale; each period runs April to March.

```chart
{
  "axes": {
    "y": {
      "label": "Annualized deaths per 1,000"
    }
  },
  "data": {
    "csv": "gallery/first-charts/data/nightingale.csv"
  },
  "encoding": {
    "color": "cause",
    "facet": "period",
    "x": "month",
    "y": "rate"
  },
  "stack": true,
  "title": "Preventable disease dominated the first winter",
  "type": "bar"
}
```

## Source

````rmd
---
title: "Nightingale: causes of death"
styles: [hand-drawn]
---

```chart
{
  "axes": {
    "y": {
      "label": "Annualized deaths per 1,000"
    }
  },
  "data": {
    "csv": "data.csv"
  },
  "encoding": {
    "color": "cause",
    "facet": "period",
    "x": "month",
    "y": "rate"
  },
  "stack": true,
  "title": "Preventable disease dominated the first winter",
  "type": "bar"
}
```

````

## Data and credits

[Complete report and provenance](https://richview.ai/docs/gallery/first-charts/) · [Rich Markdown source](https://richview.ai/examples/charts/nightingale/report.rmd) · [CSV observations](https://richview.ai/docs/gallery/first-charts/data/nightingale.csv).