---
title: "The Keeling curve"
styles: [scientific]
---

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The Mauna Loa record began in 1958 with Charles David Keeling’s measurements. Its seasonal cycle sits on a long-term rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide.

```chart
{
  "axes": {
    "y": {
      "digits": 5,
      "label": "CO₂ mole fraction",
      "unit": "ppm"
    }
  },
  "data": {
    "csv": "examples/co2-mauna-loa-monthly/data.csv"
  },
  "encoding": {
    "detail": [
      "note"
    ],
    "x": "month",
    "y": "monthly_mean"
  },
  "title": "The seasonal cycle sits on a long-term rise in CO₂",
  "type": "line"
}
```

## Source

````rmd
---
title: "The Keeling curve"
styles: [scientific]
---

```chart
{
  "axes": {
    "y": {
      "digits": 5,
      "label": "CO₂ mole fraction",
      "unit": "ppm"
    }
  },
  "data": {
    "csv": "data.csv"
  },
  "encoding": {
    "detail": [
      "note"
    ],
    "x": "month",
    "y": "monthly_mean"
  },
  "title": "The seasonal cycle sits on a long-term rise in CO₂",
  "type": "line"
}
```

````

## Data and credits

[Complete report and provenance](https://richview.ai/docs/examples/co2-mauna-loa-monthly/) · [Rich Markdown source](https://richview.ai/examples/charts/keeling-curve/report.rmd) · [CSV observations](https://richview.ai/docs/examples/co2-mauna-loa-monthly/data.csv).